It is not only smoking that affects tooth color. The foods and beverages we consume daily can also lead to staining, yellowing, and damage to the white appearance of teeth over time. The main reason for this is a combination of strong pigments and acidity that damages the enamel layer, the tooth's outer protective layer. When the enamel is slightly worn down, it becomes easier for colors from food and drink to be absorbed and leave marks.
This does not mean one must stop drinking coffee or avoid beets, of course. Some of the foods on the list are actually very healthy. However, it is certainly worthwhile to recognize their effect on teeth, especially for people who feel that their teeth are yellowing quickly.
Coffee and tea – the major culprits: Coffee and tea are considered two of the most prominent causes of tooth staining. They contain tannins, natural compounds that adhere to the enamel and increase the bonding of colors to teeth. The more cups consumed per day, the more the effect accumulates. It is interesting to know that even green tea, which is perceived as particularly healthy, can affect tooth color.
In some cases, it even causes a more grayish staining compared to the yellowish tint of coffee. Another interesting point is that coffee with milk has a relatively weaker effect on tooth color. The protein in milk binds to some of the tannins and reduces part of their impact. Therefore, instant coffee with milk is generally less "staining" compared to black coffee.
Turmeric and mustard: Turmeric is considered one of the healthiest spices, with numerous studies examining its anti–inflammatory effects. But in terms of color, it is a particularly powerful pigment. Anyone who has ever tried to clean a turmeric stain from a countertop or blender knows exactly how stubborn it is. Mustard as well, especially yellow mustard, contains strong pigments that can affect tooth color over time.
Red wine: Red wine is also notorious for its ability to leave stains on teeth. The combination of high acidity, dark pigments, and polyphenols creates ideal conditions for staining. The acidity slightly weakens the enamel layer, allowing the pigments to penetrate more easily. This is also the reason many people feel that their teeth "darken" during periods when they drink more red wine, even if they maintain diligent brushing habits.
Beets – very healthy, but also very staining: Beets are considered one of the healthiest vegetables thanks to their antioxidants, dietary fiber, and potential contribution to vascular health. However, their strong purple–red pigment is capable of coloring almost anything it comes into contact with. If it leaves a mark on a cutting board or a plate, it is not surprising that teeth can also become slightly stained after frequent consumption. The effect is usually temporary, but in people with more sensitive or worn enamel, it can be more noticeable.
Cola and soft drinks: Cola features a combination that is particularly problematic for teeth: Both dark food colorings and high acidity. The acids in the drink contribute to the gradual erosion of the enamel, and when the outer layer of the tooth is damaged even slightly, stains become more prominent. Diet versions are not "innocent" either when it comes to teeth. While they contain less sugar or none at all, the acidity is still present.
And what can actually help maintain white teeth? Not all foods negatively affect teeth. There are also those that may actually assist in protecting the enamel and reducing the risk of staining.
Hard cheeses: Hard cheeses like Parmesan, Gouda, or aged yellow cheese are rich in calcium and phosphorus, two important minerals for strengthening the enamel. Additionally, the very act of chewing increases saliva secretion, and saliva helps neutralize acidity in the mouth and reduce the adhesion of substances to the teeth. A study published in "General Dentistry" found that eating cheese significantly raised the pH level in the mouth within a few minutes, meaning it reduced the acidity that can damage teeth.
Sugar–free chewing gum: Sugar–free chewing gum can also help more than commonly thought. Chewing gum increases saliva production, and saliva helps "wash away" food remnants, acids, and pigments from the teeth. Chewing gums containing xylitol are considered particularly beneficial, because this substance also makes it difficult for certain bacteria to multiply in the mouth.
So what do we do in practice? There is no need to stop drinking coffee or remove beets from the menu. The goal is mainly awareness. Drinking water after coffee or wine, avoiding sipping beverages over long hours, using a straw for acidic cold drinks, and waiting a short while before brushing after acidic food – all of these can help reduce the impact on teeth. Ultimately, here as in other areas of nutrition, the question is not only "what is healthy," but also how, how much, and how frequently it is consumed.