The geopolitical history of the Balkan Peninsula, and Serbia in particular, has been defined by its strategic role as a ruthless frontier against invading forces.
In antiquity, this land served as the Roman Empire’s eastern Danubian shield, holding the line against advancing barbarian tribes. The region’s military importance was so immense that as many as 18 Roman emperors were born on modern Serbian soil, most notably Constantine the Great in the ancient city of Niš.
This brutal environment helped to forge the inhabitants, the Serbs, into a nation of exceptionally fierce, brave, and skilled warriors, initiating a historical reputation for defiance that would endure for centuries.
The Ottoman Occupation, the Hajduks, and the Military Frontier
This warrior spirit faced its longest test during 400 years of Ottoman occupation. Refusing to submit to imperial rule, Serbian fighters retreated deep into the mountains and forests to wage a relentless guerrilla campaign.
Known as hajduks, these partisan warriors shattered Ottoman peace by launching sudden, devastating ambushes on military columns and trade caravans, preventing the occupiers from ever securing total control over the region.
Recognizing the sheer defensive power of these fighters, the Austrian Habsburg Empire established a militarized buffer zone known as the “Military Frontier.” For centuries, these Serbian frontiersmen served as Europe’s iron wall against Ottoman, and thereby Islamic, expansion.
Had it not been for the sacrifice and holding power of these Serbian forces, the Ottoman Empire might have marched unchecked into the heart of Western Europe.
Architectural domination: Minarets as instruments of power by Ottomans
Throughout their occupation, the Ottomans constructed hundreds of mosques across Serbia to forcefully reshape its cultural identity: Belgrade alone contained 273 mosques.
However, the extreme density of these structures in Ottoman-occupied cities was never about meeting the spiritual needs of local worshipers, as a fraction of those buildings would have sufficed. Instead, they served as aggressive instruments of political power, featuring sharp, bayonet-like minarets that visually projected domination by force of the bayonet.
This architectural strategy operated on two key levels of territorial marking:
- The skyline as an instrument of power: Under strict Ottoman laws, no non-Muslim structure (church or synagogue) was permitted to be built taller than mosques or even Muslim homes. These tall, piercing minarets deliberately captured the city’s skyline to assert the supremacy of the ruling regime.
- Territorial marking and demography: Ottoman rulers, such as Gazi Husrev Bey in Sarajevo, used dense religious infrastructure backed by state-controlled endowments (Waqfs) to rapidly “Islamize” urban spaces. This administrative grip changed the social and cultural fabric to favor the ruling class, making any return to pre-conquest identity visually and socially impossible.
- Military symbolism: The spear-like shape of Ottoman minarets (unlike the cylindrical or square minarets of North Africa and Iran) visually flaunted a message of authority, influence, and the presence of an imperial military power in the loudest way possible
Despite 400 years of systematic pressure, the Serbs fiercely guarded and preserved their religion, language, and culture – an extraordinary feat that turns them into an exemplary nation. Following the ultimate expulsion of the Ottomans, the symbols of occupation were dismantled, leaving Belgrade with only a single mosque today.
The Golden Age and the shared tragedy of the Holocaust
Following Serbia’s hard-won independence from the Ottomans in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a golden age of relations began with the Jewish people, marking one of the most positive and peaceful relationships in European history.
Serbian laws granted Jewish citizens civil equality, allowing them to fully integrate and play key roles in the nation’s military, politics, economy, and culture. Serbia was also the first country worldwide to support the Balfour Declaration in December 1917, cementing its unique relationship with the Jewish people.
The deepest and most painful bond between the two nations was forged in the fires of World War II. Following the Nazi and Ustasha split and occupation of Yugoslavia, both Serbs and Jews became the targets of systematic genocide.
While ordinary Serbs risked everything to shelter Jewish families and Serbian partisans fought the Axis powers, a significant segment of Bosnian Muslims chose a darker path.
Led by the grand mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, a notorious collaborator of Adolf Hitler, they formed the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar. Functioning as a brutal wing of Hitler’s killing machine in the Balkans, this division committed horrific atrocities against Serb and Jewish civilians, looting, murdering, and burning entire villages to the ground.
The Bosnian War: Existential defense for Serbs and global media censorship
The deep psychological trauma of the World War II massacres orchestrated by the Muslim SS division became a major psychological driver of the Bosnian War 50 years later. The Serbs had seen their families slaughtered within living memory.
Consequently, when Alija Izetbegovic published his Islamic Declaration demanding the establishment of an Islamic state in Bosnia, it triggered immediate alarm bells of existential erasure.
For the Bosnian Serbs, arming themselves in the early 1990s was a preemptive defensive action to prevent a repetition of history; they took up arms specifically to avoid being massacred by Bosnian Muslims once again.
The so-called mainstream media, Left-Islamist alliance propaganda tools, manipulated global public opinion. By oversimplifying a brutal civil war, these firms successfully branded the Serbs as “New Nazis” and presented the Muslims as “Democratic Victims.”
This sophisticated propaganda campaign completely censored the brutal atrocities committed by Naser Oric’s Muslim forces against Serbian villages surrounding Srebrenica, as well as the active presence of radical jihadists funded by Saudi Arabia and Iran.
While the global public heard extensively about the Srebrenica massacre of Muslims, the systematic slaughter of Serbian civilians was met with total silence.
The foreign jihadist mobilization in Bosnia and Left-Islamist propaganda against Serbs
Furthermore, foreign jihadist volunteers and Arab-Afghan fighters, the very elements that would later form the core of Al-Qaeda, flooded into Bosnia to fight alongside the Muslim army. This reality was completely hidden from the world by mainstream global media outlets controlled by a Left-Islamist alliance. They reported exclusively on Serbian violence while hiding the international jihadist mobilization.
Had the Serbs not taken up arms to defend their territory, the world would have witnessed a total genocide against them.
Preserving culture, defending identity: Iran, Serbia, and the Jewish bond
Iran, too, was conquered by Arab Muslim invaders in the seventh century, yet the Iranians preserved their language and cultural identity; centuries later, the Ottomans repeatedly sought to conquer Iran, but Iran successfully resisted their expansion.
In their genuine friendship with the Jewish people, Iranians and Serbs share a profound historical parallel. In Iran, there is a biblical bond that traces back 2,500 years to the era of Cyrus the Great, who liberated the Jews from the Babylonian captivity. This shared humanitarian tradition carried directly over into the modern era.
Just as Serbs protected their Jewish neighbors during the Holocaust, the Iranian diplomat Abdol Hossein Sardari used his consular post in occupied Paris to issue life-saving passports to hundreds of Jews, forever cementing a shared legacy of courage and solidarity in the face of tyranny.
It is this shared history of defiance, cultural preservation, defense of the homeland, and friendship with the Jewish people that has given us, as Iranian and Israeli journalists, such deep respect and affection for the Serbian people.
Alex Winston is the news editor of The Jerusalem Post.
Tina Ghazimorad is the communications director to Prince Reza Pahlavi and an Iranian journalist who previously served as editor-in-chief of news at Manoto TV, a UK-based Persian-language television network.